Defence Minister Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz said investigators had determined the missile was produced near Moscow in the second quarter of this year.
"This means that Russia is using newly produced missiles to strike Ukraine," he wrote on X.
"It confirms reports that Russia's wartime stockpiles have been depleted," he added.
Poland summoned the Russian ambassador on Friday and handed him a diplomatic protest note over the incident, foreign ministry spokesman Maciej Wewiór said.
The missile entered Polish airspace during a large-scale Russian attack on Ukraine on Thursday before crashing in an uninhabited area in eastern Poland. No one was injured.
The incident was the latest in a series of Russian missile and drone incursions into NATO airspace that have heightened concerns about the war in Ukraine spilling beyond the country's borders, the Reuters news agency reported.
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Source: Reuters, IAR, PAP, polskieradio24.pl